<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geoffrey Biggs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toby H.J. Collett</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian P. Gerkey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard T. Vaughan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">And all the robots merely Players</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></year></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/player_retrospective.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steve Cousins</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3D is here: Point Cloud Library (PCL)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Conference on Robotics and Automation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/icra11_0.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shanghai, China</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bastian Steder</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurt Konolige</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfram Burgard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Point Feature Extraction on 3D Range Scans Taking into Account Object Boundaries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Conference on Robotics and Automation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/icra2011_3dfeatures.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dirk Holz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefan Holzer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sven Behnke</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-Time Plane Segmentation using RGB-D Cameras</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RoboCup Symposium</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/holz_rgbd_seg.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aitor Aldoma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Gossow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suat Gedikli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markus Vincze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary Bradski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAD-Model Recognition and 6 DOF Pose </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICCV 2011, 3D Representation and Recognition (3dRR11)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.eecs.umich.edu/vision/3dRR11/3dRR11.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barcelona, Spain</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marius Muja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary Bradski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Lowe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REIN - A Fast, Robust, Scalable REcognition INfrastructure </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICRA</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2D</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3D</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object recognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vision</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/icra11.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shanghai, China</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Abstract— A robust robot perception system intended to enable object manipulation needs to be able to accurately identify objects and their pose at high speeds. Since objects vary considerably in surface properties, rigidity and articulation, no single detector or object estimation method has been shown to provide reliable detection across object types to date. This indicates the need for an architecture that is able to quickly swap detectors, pose estimators, and filters, or to run them in parallel or serial and combine their results, preferably without any code modifications at all. In this paper, we present our implementation of such an infrastructure, ReIn (REcognition INfrastructure), to answer these needs. ReIn is able to combine a multitude of 2D/3D object recognition and pose estimation techniques in parallel as dynamically loadable plugins. It also provides an extremely efficient data passing architecture, and offers the possibility to change the parameters and initial settings of these techniques during their execution. In the course of this work we introduce two new classifiers designed for robot perception needs: BiGGPy (Binarized Gradient Grid Pyramids) for scalable 2D classification and VFH (Viewpoint Feature Histograms) for 3D classification and pose. We then show how these two classifiers can be easily combined using ReIn to solve object recognition and pose identification problems. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jared Glover</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary Bradski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bingham Mixture Models of Quaternions for Object Orientation Estimation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robotics Science and Systems (RSS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3D orientation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Los Angeles, CA, USA</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We present a novel algorithm for estimating the orientation of objects from 3D point cloud data. Pose estimation (of which obtaining the orientation is typically the hardest part) is extremely relevant for robots performing mobile manipulation tasks—in order to grasp an object, the robot must know how the object is situated in space. Our method uses informative local surface features that capture the geometry accurately to vote for object orientation. While the geometry of an individual surface feature may not uniquely determine the object’s orientation, it can often provide enough information to constrain the set of possible orientations, so that combining many such (soft) constraints can lead to a correct orientation estimate. At each local feature we attach a local coordinate system, and the space of all possible orientation estimates is encoded using probability distributions called Bingham Mixture Models (BMMs) on the 4D hypersphere of unit quaternions, which correctly capture the topology of the 3D rotational space.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our algorithm is robust to changes in visual appearance (color, texture, lighting), as well as occlusions. Unlike previous voting methods, such as the generalized Hough transform or geometric hashing, our method uses probabilistic inference of BMMs to compute a parametric posterior distribution over object poses. It is therefore extremely fast, since no search of parameter space is required.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Bohren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. Gil Jones</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eitan Marder-Eppstein</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caroline Pantofaru</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melonee Wise</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorenz Mosenlechner</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wim Meeussen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefan Holzer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Towards Autonomous Robotic Butlers: Lessons Learned with the PR2</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICRA</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/ICRA11_1089_FI.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shanghai, China</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;As autonomous personal robots come of age, we&lt;br /&gt;
expect certain applications to be executed with a high degree&lt;br /&gt;
of repeatability and robustness. In order to explore these&lt;br /&gt;
applications and their challenges, we need tools and strategies&lt;br /&gt;
that allow us to develop them rapidly. Serving drinks (i.e.,&lt;br /&gt;
locating, fetching, and delivering), is one such application&lt;br /&gt;
with well-defined environments for operation, requirements for&lt;br /&gt;
human interfacing, and metrics for successful completion. In&lt;br /&gt;
this paper we present our experiences and results while building&lt;br /&gt;
an autonomous robotic assistant using the PR21 platform and&lt;br /&gt;
ROS2 . The system integrates several new components that are&lt;br /&gt;
built on top of the PR2’s current capabilities. Perception compo-&lt;br /&gt;
nents include dynamic obstacle identification, mechanisms for&lt;br /&gt;
identifying the refrigerator, types of drinks, and human faces.&lt;br /&gt;
Planning components include navigation, arm motion planning&lt;br /&gt;
with goal and path constraints, and grasping modules. One&lt;br /&gt;
of the main contributions of this paper is a new task-level&lt;br /&gt;
executive system, SMACH, based on hierarchical concurrent&lt;br /&gt;
state machines, which controls the overall behavior of the&lt;br /&gt;
system. We provide in-depth discussions on the solutions that&lt;br /&gt;
we found in accomplishing our goal, and the implementation&lt;br /&gt;
strategies that let us achieve them.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfram Burgard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kai Wurm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maren Bennewitz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyril Stachniss</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armin Hornung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurt Konolige</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modeling the World Around Us :: An Efficient 3D Representation for Personal Robotics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Workshop on Defining and Solving Realistic Perception Problems in Personal Robotics at the IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 8, 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taipei, Taiwan</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bastian Steder</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurt Konolige</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfram Burgard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NARF: 3D Range Image Features for Object Recognition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Workshop on Defining and Solving Realistic Perception Problems in Personal Robotics at the IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 8, 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/steder10irosws.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taipei, Taiwan</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jivko Sinapov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaijen Hsiao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Object Weight Classiﬁcation Using Proprioceptive Feedback</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), workshop on Deﬁning and Solving Realistic Perception Problems in Personal Robotics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 8, 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taipei, Taiwan</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dejan Pangercic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Holzbach</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hierarchical Object Geometric Categorization and Appearance Classiﬁcation for Mobile Manipulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/GRSD10Humanoids.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nashville, TN, USA</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu B. Rusu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semantic 3D Object Maps for Everyday Manipulation in Human Living Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artiﬁcial Intelligence (KI - Kuenstliche Intelligenz)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matei Ciocarlie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaijen Hsiao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. Gil Jones</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sachin Chitta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan Alexandru Sucan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Towards Reliable Grasping and Manipulation in Household Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intl. Symposium on Experimental Robotics (ISER)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">manipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/grasp_pipeline.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Delhi, India</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary Bradski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romain Thibaux</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Hsu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast 3D Recognition and Pose Using the Viewpoint Feature Histogram</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/Rusu10IROS.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taipei, Taiwan</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wim Meeussen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melonee Wise</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuart Glaser</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sachin Chitta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conor McGann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick Mihelich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eitan Marder-Eppstein</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marius Muja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eruhimov, Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tully Foote</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Hsu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhaskara Marthi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary Bradski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurt Konolige</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian P. Gerkey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eric Berger</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomous Door Opening and Plugging In with a Personal Robot</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICRA </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motionplanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">navigation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/m2.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We describe an autonomous robotic system capable of navigating through an ofﬁce environment, openingdoors along the way, and plugging itself into electrical outlets to recharge as needed. We demonstrate through extensive experimentation that our robot executes these tasks reliably, without requiring any modiﬁcation to the environment. We present robust detection algorithms for doors, door handles, and electrical plugs and sockets, combining vision and laser sensors. We show how to overcome the unavoidable shortcoming of perception by integrating compliant control into manipulation motions. We present a visual-differencing approach to high precision plug-insertion that avoids the need for high-precision hand-eye calibration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dejan Pangercic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulrich Klank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CoP-Man — Perception for Mobile Pick-and-Place in Human Living Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Workshop on Semantic Perception for Mobile Manipulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/IAS09CoPMan.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO, USA</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Partial View Modeling and Validation in 3D Laser Scans for Grasping</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 9th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paris, France</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Holzbach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosen Diankov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary Bradski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perception for Mobile Manipulation and Grasping using Active Stereo</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humanoids</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.humanoids2009.org/</style></url></web-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/humanoids09.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paris</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;   Abstract— In this paper we present a comprehensive per-&lt;br /&gt;ception system with applications to mobile manipulation and&lt;br /&gt;grasping for personal robotics. Our approach makes use of&lt;br /&gt;dense 3D point cloud data acquired using stereo vision cameras&lt;br /&gt;by projecting textured light onto the scene. To create models&lt;br /&gt;suitable for grasping, we extract the supporting planes and&lt;br /&gt;model object clusters with different surface geometric primi-&lt;br /&gt;tives. The resultant decoupled primitive point clusters are then&lt;br /&gt;reconstructed as smooth triangular mesh surfaces, and their use&lt;br /&gt;is validated in grasping experiments using OpenRAVE [1]. To&lt;br /&gt;annotate the point cloud data with primitive geometric labels&lt;br /&gt;we make use of our previously proposed Fast Point Feature&lt;br /&gt;Histograms [2] and probabilistic graphical methods (Condi-&lt;br /&gt;tional Random Fields), and obtain a classification accuracy of&lt;br /&gt;98.27% for different object geometries. We show the validity of&lt;br /&gt;our approach by analyzing the proposed system for the problem&lt;br /&gt;of building object models usable in grasping applications with&lt;br /&gt;the PR2 robot.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulrich Klank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dejan Pangercic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time CAD Model Matching for Mobile Manipulation and Grasping</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 9th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Klank09Humanoids.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paris, France</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Humanoid robotic assistants need capable and comprehensive perception systems that enable them to perform complex manipulation and grasping tasks. This requires the identification and recognition of supporting planes and objects in the world, together with their precise 6D poses. In this paper, we propose a 3D perception system architecture that can robustly fit CAD models in cluttered table setting scenes for the purpose of grasping with a mobile manipulator. Our approach uses a powerful combination of two different camera technologies, Time-Of-Flight (TOF) and RGB, to robustly segment the scene and extract object clusters. Using an a-priori database of object models we then perform a CAD matching in 2D camera images. We validate the proposed system in a number of experiments, and compare the system’s performance and reliability with similar initiatives.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Close-range Scene Segmentation and Reconstruction of 3D Point Cloud Maps for Mobile Manipulation in Human Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 22nd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Rusu09IROS_CloseHybrid.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO, USA</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In this paper we present a framework for 3D&lt;br /&gt;geometric shape segmentation for close-range scenes used in mobile manipulation and grasping, out of sensed point cloud data. Our proposed approach proposes a robust geometric mapping pipeline for large input datasets that extracts relevant objects useful for a personal robotic assistant to perform manipulation tasks. The objects are segmented out from partial views and a reconstructed model is computed by fitting geometric primitive classes such as planes, spheres, cylinders, and cones. The geometric shape coefficients are then used to reconstruct missing data. Residual points are resampled and triangulated, to create smooth decoupled surfaces that can be manipulated. The resulted map is represented as a hybrid concept and is comprised of 3D shape coefficients and triangular meshes used for collision avoidance in manipulation routines.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulrich Klank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dejan Pangercic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CoP-Man — Perception for Mobile Pick-and-Place in Human Living Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 22nd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Workshop on Semantic Perception for Mobile Manipulation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/IAS09CoPMan.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO, USA</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Holzbach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast Geometric Point Labeling using Conditional Random Fields</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 22nd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Rusu09IROS_FPFH.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO, USA</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In this paper we present a new approach for labeling 3D points with different geometric surface primitives using a novel feature descriptor – the Fast Point Feature Histograms, and discriminative graphical models. To build informative and robust 3D feature point representations, our descriptors encode the underlying surface geometry around a point pusing multi-value histograms. This highly dimensional feature space copes well with noisy sensor data and is not dependent on pose or sampling density. By defining classes of 3D geometric surfaces and making use of contextual information using Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), our system is able to successfully segment and label 3D point clouds, based on the type of surfaces the points are lying on. We validate and demonstrate the method’s efficiency by comparing it against similar initiatives as well as present results for table setting datasets acquired in indoor environments.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Holzbach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Model-based and Learned Semantic Object Labeling in 3D Point Cloud Maps of Kitchen Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 22nd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Rusu09IROS_SemanticMaps.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO, USA</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We report on our experiences regarding the acquisition of hybrid Semantic 3D Object Maps for indoor household environments, in particular kitchens, out of sensed 3D point cloud data. Our proposed approach includes a processing pipeline, including geometric mapping and learning, for processing large input datasets and for extracting relevant objects useful for a personal robotic assistant to perform complex manipulation tasks. The type of objects modeled are objects which perform utilitarian functions in the environment such as kitchen appliances, cupboards, tables, and drawers. The resulted model is accurate enough to use it in physics-based simulations, where doors of 3D containers can be opened based on their hinge position. The resulted map is represented as a hybrid concept and is comprised of both the hierarchically classified objects and triangular meshes used for collision avoidance in manipulation routines.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominik Jain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulrich Klank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Probabilistic Categorization of Kitchen Objects in Table Settings with a Composite Sensor</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 22nd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Composite09IROS.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO, USA</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we investigate the problem of 3D object categorization of objects typically present in kitchen environments, from data acquired using a composite sensor. Our framework combines different sensing modalities and defines descriptive features in various spaces for the purpose of learning good object models. By fusing the 3D information acquired from a composite sensor that includes a color stereo camera, a time-of-flight (TOF) camera, and a thermal camera, we augment 3D depth data with color and temperature information which helps disambiguate the object categorization process. We make use of statistical relational learning methods (Markov Logic Networks and Bayesian Logic Networks) to capture complex interactions between the different feature spaces. To show the effectiveness of our approach, we analyze and validate the proposed system for the problem of recognizing objects in table settings scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semantic 3D Object Maps for Everyday Manipulation in Human Living Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Science Department</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tecnische Universitatet Muenchen</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munich, Germany</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PhD</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">284</style></pages><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phd</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucian Goron</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconstruction and Verification of 3D Object Models for Grasping</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 14th International Symposium on Robotics Research (ISRR)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Marton09ISRR.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucernce, Switzerland</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In this paper we present a method for approximating complete models of objects with 3D shape primitives, by exploiting common symmetries in objects of daily use. Our proposed approach reconstructs boxes and cylindrical parts of objects from sampled point cloud data, and produces CAD-like surface models needed for generating grasping strategies. To verify the results, we present a set of experimental results using real-world data-sets containing a large number of objects from different views.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morten Rufus Blas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mogens Blanke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fault-tolerant 3D Mapping with Application to an Orchard Robot</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 7th IFAC International Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety of Technical Processes (SAFEPROCESS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barcelona, Spain</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wim Meeussen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sachin Chitta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laser-based Perception for Door and Handle Identification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/Rusu09ICAR.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munich, Germany</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we present a laser-based approach for door and handle identification. The approach builds on a 3D perception pipeline to annotate doors and their handles solely from sensed laser data, without any a priori model learning. In particular, we segment the parts of interest using robust geometric estimators and statistical methods applied on geometric and intensity distribution variations in the scan. We present experimental results on a mobile manipulation platform (PR2) intended for indoor manipulation tasks. We validate the approach by generating trajectories that position the robot end-effector in front of door handles and grasp the handle. The robustness of our approach is demonstrated by real world experiments conducted on a large set of doors.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast Point Feature Histograms (FPFH) for 3D Registration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Rusu09ICRA.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobe, Japan</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In our recent work [1], [2], we proposed Point Feature Histograms (PFH) as robust multi dimensional features which describe the local geometry around a point p for 3D point cloud datasets. In this paper, we modify their mathematical expressions and perform a rigorous analysis on their robustness and complexity for the problem of 3D registration for overlapping point cloud views. More concretely, we present several optimizations that reduce their computation times drastically by either caching previously computed values or by revising their theoretical formulations. The latter results in a new type of local features, called Fast Point Feature Histograms (FPFH), which retain most of the discriminative power of the PFH. Moreover, we propose an algorithm for the online computation of FPFH features for realtime applications. To validate our results we demonstrate their efficiency for 3D registration and propose a new sample consensus based method for bringing two datasets into the convergence basin of a local non-linear optimizer: SAC-IA (SAmple Consensus Initial Alignment).&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benoit Morisset</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aravind Sundaresan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kris Hauser</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motilal Agrawal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jean-Claude Latombe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaving Flatland: Toward Real-Time 3D Navigation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/LFlatland09ICRA.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobe, Japan</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We report our first experiences with Leaving Flatland, an exploratory project that studies the key challenges of closing the loop between autonomous perception and action on challenging terrain. We propose a comprehensive system for localization, mapping, and planning for the RHex mobile robot in fully 3D indoor and outdoor environments. This system integrates Visual Odometry-based localization with new techniques in real-time 3D mapping from stereo data. The motion planner uses a new decomposition approach to adapt existing 2D planning techniques to operate in 3D terrain. We test the map-building and motion-planning subsystems on real and synthetic data, and show that they have favorable computational performance for use in high-speed autonomous navigation.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On Fast Surface Reconstruction Methods for Large and Noisy Datasets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Marton09ICRA.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobe, Japan</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In this paper we present a method for fast surface reconstruction from large noisy datasets. Given an unorganized 3D point cloud, our algorithm recreates the underlying surface’s geometrical properties using data resampling and a robust triangulation algorithm in near realtime. For resulting smooth surfaces, the data is resampled with variable densities according to previously estimated surface curvatures. Incremental scans are easily incorporated into an existing surface mesh, by determining the respective overlapping area and reconstructing only the updated part of the surface mesh. The proposed framework is flexible enough to be integrated with additional point label information, where groups of points sharing the same label are clustered together and can be reconstructed separately, thus allowing fast updates via triangular mesh decoupling. To validate our approach, we present results obtained from laser scans acquired in both indoor and outdoor environments.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Holzbach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gary Bradski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detecting and Segmenting Objects for Mobile Manipulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICCV, S3DV Workshop</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer vision</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">manipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">robotics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/iccv09.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This paper proposes a novel 3D scene interpretation approach for robots in&lt;br /&gt;mobile manipulation scenarios using a set of 3D point features (Fast Point Feature&lt;br /&gt;Histograms) and probabilistic graphical methods (Conditional Random Fields). &lt;br /&gt;Our system uses real time stereo with textured light to obtain dense depth maps&lt;br /&gt;in the robot's manipulators working space.  For the purposes of manipulation, we want to &lt;br /&gt;interpret the planar supporting surfaces of the scene, recognize and &lt;br /&gt;segment the object classes into their primitive parts in 6 degrees of freedom (6DOF) so that &lt;br /&gt;the robot knows what it is attempting to use and where it may be handled.&lt;br /&gt;The scene interpretation algorithm uses a two-layer classification scheme: i)~we&lt;br /&gt;estimate Fast Point Feature Histograms (FPFH) as local 3D point&lt;br /&gt;features to segment the objects of interest into geometric primitives; and&lt;br /&gt;ii)~we learn and categorize object classes using a novel Global Fast Point Feature&lt;br /&gt;Histogram (GFPFH) scheme which uses the previously estimated primitives at each&lt;br /&gt;point. To show the validity of our approach, we analyze the proposed system for the&lt;br /&gt;problem of recognizing the object class of 20 objects in 500 table settings&lt;br /&gt;scenarios.  Our algorithm identifies the planar surfaces, decomposes the scene&lt;br /&gt;and objects into geometric primitives with 98.27% accuracy and uses the&lt;br /&gt;geometric primitives to identify the object's class with an accuracy of 96.69%.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Bandouch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franziska Meier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irfan Essa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human Action Recognition using Global Point Feature Histograms and Action Shapes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced Robotics journal, Robotics Society of Japan (RSJ)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Rusu09RSJ-AR.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This article investigates the recognition of human actions from 3D point clouds that encode the&lt;br /&gt;motions of people acting in sensor-distributed indoor environments.&lt;br /&gt;Data streams are time-sequences of silhouettes extracted from cameras in the environment. From&lt;br /&gt;the 2D silhouette contours we generate space-time streams by continuously aligning and stacking&lt;br /&gt;the contours along the time axis as third spatial dimension.&lt;br /&gt;The space-time stream of an observation sequence is segmented into parts corresponding to&lt;br /&gt;subactions using a pattern matching technique based on suffix trees and interval scheduling. Then,&lt;br /&gt;the segmented space-time shapes are processed by treating the shapes as 3D point clouds and&lt;br /&gt;estimating global point feature histograms for them. The resultant models are clustered using&lt;br /&gt;statistical analysis, and our experimental results indicate that the presented methods robustly derive&lt;br /&gt;dierent action classes. This holds despite large intra-class variance in the recorded datasets due to&lt;br /&gt;performances from dierent persons at dierent time intervals.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aravind Sundaresan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benoit Morisset</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kris Hauser</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motilal Agrawal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jean-Claude Latombe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaving Flatland: Efficient Real-Time 3D Perception and Motion Planning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Field Robotics (Special Issue on 3D Mapping)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://files.rbrusu.com/publications/Rusu09JFR-LFlatland.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In this article we present the complete details of the architecture and implementation of Leaving Flatland, an exploratory project that attempts to surmount the challenges of closing the loop between autonomous perception and action on challenging terrain. The proposed system includes comprehensive localization, mapping, path planning, and visualization techniques for a mobile robot to operate autonomously in complex three-dimensional (3D) indoor and outdoor environments. In doing so we integrate robust visual odometry localization techniques with real-time 3D mapping methods from stereo data to obtain consistent global models annotated with semantic labels. These models are used by a multiregion motion planner that adapts existing two-dimensional planning techniques to operate in 3D terrain. All the system components are evaluated on a variety of real-world data sets, and their computational performance is shown to be favorable for high-speed autonomous navigation.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan Alexandru Sucan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian P. Gerkey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sachin Chitta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia E. Kavraki</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time Perception-Guided Motion Planning for a Personal Robot</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motionplanning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/perceptionplanning.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4245 - 4252 </style></pages></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dejan Pangercic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3D-Based Monocular SLAM for Mobile Agents Navigating in Indoor Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/Pangercic08ETFA.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamburg, Germany</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Bandouch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Action Recognition in Intelligent Environments using Point Cloud Features Extracted from Silhouette Sequences</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/Rusu08ROMAN.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munich, Germany</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aligning Point Cloud Views using Persistent Feature Histograms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 21st IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/Rusu08IROS-1.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nice, France</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihai Dolha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moritz Tenorth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomous Mapping of Kitchen Environments and Applications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Cognition for Technical Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munich, Germany</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingo Kresse</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Fedrizzi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moritz Tenorth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihai Dolha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorenz Moesenlechner</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexis Maldonado</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominik Jain</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulrich Klank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Federico Ruiz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freek Stulp</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernd Radig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Bandouch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition, Control and Learning for Everyday Manipulation Tasks in Human Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munich, Germany</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihai Dolha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Object Mapping of Kitchen Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 21st IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/Rusu08IROS-2.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nice, France</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation of Urban Scenes based on Geometric Features</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 21st IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Workshop on 3D Mapping</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nice, France</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan Csaba Marton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nico Blodow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Informative Point Classes for the Acquisition of Object Model Maps</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.willowgarage.com/sites/default/files/Rusu08ICARCV.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanoi, Vietnam</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Bogdan Rusu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Beetz</style></author><author><style 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